209,936 research outputs found
Method of radiographic inspection of wooden members
The invention is a method to be used for radiographic inspection of a wooden specimen for internal defects which includes the steps of introducing a radiopaque penetrant into any internal defects in the specimen through surface openings; passing a beam of radiation through a portion of the specimen to be inspected; and making a radiographic film image of the radiation passing through the specimen, with the radiopaque penetrant in the specimen absorbing the radiation passing through it, thereby enhancing the resulting image of the internal defects in the specimen
Simulation of radiation-induced defects
Mainly due to their outstanding performance the position sensitive silicon
detectors are widely used in the tracking systems of High Energy Physics
experiments such as the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb at LHC, the world's largest
particle physics accelerator at CERN, Geneva. The foreseen upgrade of the LHC
to its high luminosity (HL) phase (HL-LHC scheduled for 2023), will enable the
use of maximal physics potential of the facility. After 10 years of operation
the expected fluence will expose the tracking systems at HL-LHC to a radiation
environment that is beyond the capacity of the present system design. Thus, for
the required upgrade of the all-silicon central trackers extensive measurements
and simulation studies for silicon sensors of different designs and materials
with sufficient radiation tolerance have been initiated within the RD50
Collaboration.
Supplementing measurements, simulations are in vital role for e.g. device
structure optimization or predicting the electric fields and trapping in the
silicon sensors. The main objective of the device simulations in the RD50
Collaboration is to develop an approach to model and predict the performance of
the irradiated silicon detectors using professional software. The first
successfully developed quantitative models for radiation damage, based on two
effective midgap levels, are able to reproduce the experimentally observed
detector characteristics like leakage current, full depletion voltage and
charge collection efficiency (CCE). Recent implementations of additional traps
at the SiO/Si interface or close to it have expanded the scope of the
experimentally agreeing simulations to such surface properties as the
interstrip resistance and capacitance, and the position dependency of CCE for
strip sensors irradiated up to
n.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables, 24th International Workshop on Vertex
Detectors, 1-5 June 2015, Santa Fe, New Mexico, US
Quantifying structural damage from self-irradiation in a plutonium superconductor
The 18.5 K superconductor PuCoGa5 has many unusual properties, including
those due to damage induced by self-irradiation. The superconducting transition
temperature decreases sharply with time, suggesting a radiation-induced Frenkel
defect concentration much larger than predicted by current radiation damage
theories. Extended x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements demonstrate
that while the local crystal structure in fresh material is well ordered, aged
material is disordered much more strongly than expected from simple defects,
consistent with strong disorder throughout the damage cascade region. These
data highlight the potential impact of local lattice distortions relative to
defects on the properties of irradiated materials and underscore the need for
more atomic-resolution structural comparisons between radiation damage
experiments and theory.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, to be published in PR
Are topological defects responsible for the 300 EeV cosmic rays?
We use of a hybrid matrix--Monte Carlo method to simulate the cascade through
the cosmic background radiation initiated by UHE particles and radiation
emitted by topological defects. We follow the cascade over cosmological
distances and calculate the intensities of hadrons, gamma-rays and neutrinos
produced. We compare our results with the observed cosmic ray intensity at 300
EeV and lower energies, and conclude that topological defects are most unlikely
to be the origin of the most energetic cosmic ray events.Comment: 3 pages, compressed and uuencoded PostScript (111kb); Nucl. Phys. B.,
Proc. Suppl., vol 48, in press (TAUP95 Workshop
Effect of radiation-induced emission of Schottky defects on the formation of colloids in alkali halides
Formation of vacancy clusters in irradiated crystals is considered taking into account radiation-induced Schottky defect emission (RSDE) from extended defects. RSDE acts in the opposite direction compared with Frenkel pair production, and it results in the radiation-induced recovery processes. In the case of alkali halides, Schottky defects can be produced as a result of the interaction of extended defects with excitons, as has been suggested previously. We consider a model that takes into account excitonic mechanisms for the creation of both Frenkel and Schottky defects, and which shows that although the contribution of the latter mechanism to the production of primary defects may be small, its role in the radiation-induced evolution of microstructure can be very significant. The model is applied to describe the evolution of sodium colloids and the formation of voids in NaCl, which is followed by a sudden fracture of the material, presenting a potential problem in rock salt-based nuclear waste repositories. The temperature, dose rate and dose dependence of colloid growth in NaCl doped with different types of impurities is analyzed. We have found that colloid growth may become negative below a threshold temperature (or above a threshold dose rate), or below a certain impurity concentration, which is determined by the RSDE, that depends strongly on the type and concentration of the impurities. The results obtained with the model are compared with experimental observations.
Laser scanner for testing semiconductor chips
Individual ''fingerprint'' signals are produced when system photoexcites chips. ''Fingerprints'' are analyzed for characteristics associated with defects, including many not visible to the naked eye. Electromagnetic radiation photogenerates free electrons and holes in semiconductor chip. These carriers produce electrical signals at terminals. Signals vary depending on what defects are present
- …